Now before I begin the story, I would like to say one thing, and that is that I did not bring Revival to Louis. It has grieved my heart again and again to read articles about the man that brought Revival to Louis. on church boards, come and hear the man that brought revival to Louis. My dear people, it's not true. I don't carry revival about with me in my pocket. Revival broke out in Louis sometime before I went to the island. I thank God for the privilege of being in its midst for over three years. I went at the invitation of one parish minister for ten days, but God kept me there for three years. And I am thankful to God for the privilege of perhaps in some small way leading that movement and teaching the young converts in the deep things of God. Now having said that, I want to read you a few lines from this little book, The Louie's Awakening. It will give you an idea of the desperate state of this island prior to this gracious movement. The presbytery of Louis met to consider the terrible drift away from the ordinances of the church, especially the drift away from the church by the young people of the island. Now here are words from a declaration that was read in all the congregations. The presbytery affectionately plead with their people, especially with the youth of the church, to take these matters to heart and to make serious inquiry as to what must be the end should there be no repentance." My dear people, take that to heart. Should there be no repentance. And they call upon every individual asked before God to examine his or her life in the light of that responsibility which pertains to us all, that happily In the divine mercy, we may be visited with the spirit of repentance, and may turn again unto the Lord, whom we have so grieved with our iniquities and waywardness. Especially would they warn their young people of the devil's man traps, the cinema and the public house. That was a declaration by the presbytery, read in all the congregations, and published in the local press. Now, you might ask me, what do you mean by revival? There are a great many views held by people today as to what revival is. So you hear men say, are you going out to the revival meetings? We are having a revival crusade, and so on. There is a world of difference between a crusade or a special effort in the field of evangelism. My dear people, that is not revival. As I already said from this platform, I thank God for every soul brought to Christ through our special effort, and for every season of blessing at our conferences and at our conventions, we praise God for such movements. But is it not true that such movements do not, as a general rule, touch the community? The community remains more or less the same, and the masses go past us to hell. But in revival, the community suddenly becomes conscious of the movings of God beginning among his own people. So that in a matter of hours, not days, in a matter of hours, churches become crowded. No intimation of any special meeting, but something happening that moves men and women to the house of God. And you find within hours, scores of men and women crying to God for mercy before they went near a church. You have read the history of revivals. The Jonathan Edward revival in America, that was what happened. The Welsh revival, that is what happened. And the more recent Lewis revival, that is what happened. When God stepped down, suddenly men and women all over the parish were gripped by the fear of God. Now, how did it happen? This, to me, is an interesting story, and I want to tell it in full. One evening, an old woman, eighty-four years of age and blind, had a vision. Now don't ask me to explain this vision because I cannot. But strange things happen when God begins to move. And this dear old lady in the vision saw the church of her father's crowded with young people. Crowded with young people. And she saw a strange minister in the pulpit. She was so impressed by this revelation, because a revelation it was, she sent for the minister and told her story. The parish minister was a God-fearing man. A man not long to see God working. Oh, he had tried ever so many things to get the youth of the parish interested, but not one single teenager attended the church. That was the situation. Well, what to this dear old lady to say to him? I'll tell you what she said, I'm sure, Mr. Mackay, that you're longing to see God working. What about calling your office bearers together and suggest to them that you spend two nights a week waiting upon God. You've tried mission, you've tried special evangelists. Mr. Mackay, have you tried God?" Oh, I tell you, this is a wonderful old woman. So he meekly obeyed and said, yes, I'll call the session together, and I will suggest that we meet on Tuesday night and Friday night. and we'll spend the whole night in prayer. I tell you, dear people, here were men that meant business. The dear old lady said, well, if you do that, my sister and I will get on our knees at ten o'clock on Tuesday, ten o'clock on Friday, and we'll wait on our knees till four o'clock in the morning. I tell you, This puts us to shame." So they went to prayer, and I want to mention that they had but one promise from God, and that promise they pledged. I will pour water on him that he thus be floods upon the dry ground. That's God's promise, and in their prayers, according to the minister, They would say again and again, God, you're a covenant-keeping God, and you must be true to your covenant engagement. The praying and the meetings continued for several months, until one night a very remarkable thing happened. there kneeling among straw in the barn, the barn of a farmhouse, when suddenly one young man rose and read part of Psalm 24. Who shall ascend the hill of God? Who shall stand in his holy place? He that hath clean hands and a pure heart to have not lifted up his soul to vanity, nor sworn deceitfully, he shall receive the blessing of the Lord." And he shut his Bible, and then looking down at the minister and at the other men who were kneeling there, he said these rather crude words, not so crude in Gaelic, but this is what he said. Brethren, it seems to me just so much handed to be praying as we are praying, to be waiting as we are waiting, if we ourselves are not rightly related to God. Oh, my dear brethren, let's take that to heart. He began to pray, God, are my hands clean? Is my heart pure? And that dear man got no farther. He fell on his knees, and then on his face among the straw, and within a matter of minutes three of the elders fell into a trance. Now please don't come to me at the end of this meeting and ask me, what did I really mean by men falling into a trance? I cannot answer that question. All that I know is this, that when that happened in the barn, now it happened in the Jonathan Edward revival, remember that. Not peculiar by any means to Louis. It happened in America. It happened in the 59 Revival in Wales. Not the 1900 Revival, but the 59 Revival. But this I can see. The moment that that happened in the barn, a power was let loose in Varvas that shook the whole of Louis. I say, shook Louis, God stepped down. The Holy Spirit began to move among the people. And the minister writing about what happened on the following morning said this, you met God on Meadow and Moorland. You met Him in the homes of the people. God seemed to be everywhere. What was that? Revival! Revival! Not an evangelist, not a special effort, not anything at all organized on the basis of human endeavor, but an awareness of God. the whole community, so much so that work stopped. What was happening? The people were meeting in groups. Young men would gather in a field and begin to talk about this strange consciousness of God that had gripped the community. In a matter of days, I received a letter inviting me to the island. I was at that time in the midst of a very gracious movement on the island of Skye. It was in revival, but men and women were coming to Christ, and God was glorified in the number of prominent men who found the Savior at that time. But it wasn't revival. I imagine that in Canada or in America they would refer to it as a big revival. But it was definitely a move of God. So I received this invitation to come to Louis for ten days. And I wrote back to say that it was impossible for me to do that because I was involved in a holiday convention on this island and the speakers were arranged and accommodation in the different hotels for the people that were coming from all over Britain. I cannot take time to tell you how that convention had to be cancelled. largely because the tourist board took the hotels over my head for a special sky week that they were going to have, so I had to cancel everything. However, the minister received a letter and he went to the old lady with him and read the letter to her, and this is what she said, Mr. Mackay, that is what man is saying, but God has said something else and He'll be here within a fortnight. And I tell you, the convention wasn't cancelled then, but she knew. Oh, my dear people, listen, the secret of the Lord is with them that fear Him. And she knew God's secret. Well, I was on the island. within ten days, to spend ten days among the people. I was met at the pier by the minister and two of his office bearers. Just as I stepped off the boat, an old elder came over to me and faced me with this question, Mr. Campbell, may I ask you this question, are you walking with God? Oh, here were men who meant business, men who were afraid that a strange hand would touch the ark. Are you walking with God? Well, I was glad to be able to say, well, I think I can say this, that I fear God. The dear man looked at me and said, well, if you fear God, that will do. Then the minister turned and said, we're sure Mr. Campbell that you're tired and you must be longing for your supper, and supper will be ready for you in the manse. But I wonder if you would address the meeting in the parish church just on the way to the manse to to show yourself to the people. There'll be a fair congregation, I'm not saying a great number, but, oh, anything between two and three hundred, I expect. You see, there's a movement among us. Well, it will interest you, dear people, to know that I never got that far, because I didn't arrive at the manse until twenty minutes past five in the morning. I went to the church, now this is the interesting bit, because it deals with the outbreak of God in supernatural power, the God of miracle revealing himself in revival. I preached in the church to a congregation of about three hundred, and I would say a a wonderful sense of God, something that I hadn't known since the 1921 movement in Middergyle. But nothing really happened. And I pronounced the benediction. And I'm walking down the aisle when this young man came to me and said, nothing has broken out tonight. But God is hovering over us. He's hovering over us midday. And He'll break through any moment. Well, I must be perfectly honest, I didn't feel anything. But you see, here was a man much nearer to God than I was. Oh, he knew the secret. We're moving down. The aisle and the congregation is moving out. They're all out now except this man and myster. He lifted his two hands and started to pray. God, you made a promise to pour water on the thirsty and plants upon the dry ground and you're not doing it. And he prayed. pray, and prayed again until he fell again onto the floor in a trance. He's lying there. I am standing beside him for about five minutes, and then the door of the church opens, and the session clerk came in. Mr. Campbell, something wonderful has happened. Revival hath broken out. Will you come to the door and see the crowd that seeth?" Eleven o'clock, Matthew, eleven o'clock. And I went to the door and there must have been a congregation of between six and seven hundred people gathered round the church. This dear man stood at the door and suggested that we might sing a psalm. He gave out Psalm 102 when Zion's bondage God turned back. Us men that dreamed were we, then filled with laughter was our mouth, our tongue with melody. And they sang and they sang and they sang And in the midst of it, I could hear the cry of the penitent. I could hear men crying to God for mercy. And I turned to the elder and said, I think we had better open the doors again and let them in. And within a matter of minutes, the church was crowded at a quarter to twelve. Now, where did the people come from? How did they know that a meeting was in progress in the church? Well, I cannot tell you. But I know this, that from village and hamlet, the people came. Were you to ask some of them today, what was it that moved you, they couldn't tell you. Only that they were moved by a power that they could not explain. And the power was such as to give them to understand and see that they were hell deserving sinners. And of course the only place they could think of where they might find help was at the church. And here they were. between six and seven hundred. There was a dance in progress that night in the parish, and while this young man was praying in the aisle, the power of God moved into that dance. And the young people, over a hundred of them, fled from the dance. as though fleeing from a plague, and they made for the church. When I endeavored to get up into the pulpit, I found the way blocked with young people, people who had been at the dance. When I went into the pulpit, I found a young woman, a graduate of Aberdeen University, who was at the dance. And she's lying on the floor of the pulpit crying, Is there mercy for me? Is there mercy for me? Is there mercy for me? God was at work and Peggy's vision now actual and real. A church crowded with young people as well as old. Well, that meeting continued until four o'clock in the morning. As I was leaving the church, a young man came. Oh, he's not a Christian, but he's a God-fearing young man, and told me this story. Mr. Campbell, there must be anything between two and three hundred people at the police station. They're gathered there and some are on their knees. Now, I can't understand this. Now, he wasn't in the church, you see. But here a crowd of men and women from a neighboring village, five and six miles away, were so moved by God that they found themselves moving to the police station because the constable there was a God-hearing and well-saved man. And just next to the door, Peggy's cottage. They were there, and this young man begged of me to go along to the police station. And I went along. And I shall never, never forget what my ears heard and my eyes saw that morning. Young men were kneeling by the roadside, I think just now of a group of half a dozen, one of them under the influence of drink. and his old mother kneeling beside him and saying, Oh, Willie, Willie, are you coming at last? Willie, Willie, are you coming at last? And Willie today is the parish minister of Oogie. And from the group of young men who sought the Lord that night, there are nine in the ministry today. God moved. My dear people, that's revival. That God at work. And I, Macbeth, have seen passing. That is the crying need of the Christian church in Canada today. Not this effort and that effort. On the basis of human endeavour. but a manifestation of God that moves sinners to cry for mercy before they go near a place of worship. My dear people, that was how it began then. That was how it began. And then it left over the bounds of the parish, the neighboring parishes. We are now addressing meetings through the day were addressing meetings right through the night, I can remember one, within 24 hours addressing eight meetings. Crowded churches, five times, twice out in a field, once down at the shore, where men had come across a loch there, old men, and they were so moved that night So many of them found the Saviour that we followed them to the shore. And there we sang the songs of Zion at two o'clock in the morning before they left for their homes. Oh, my dear people, that's God at work. That's God at work. That's revival. I remember one night a man coming to me. and saying, would it be possible for you to visit our parish? Well, I said, it all depends on when I could visit the parish. I think it would be possible for me to go if you could have me between one and two o'clock in the morning. So, it was decided that I should go at one o'clock, half past one, I arrived there. to find a large church, one of the large churches in Lewes, crowded to capacity with as many outside. And I spoke there for an hour and then left the church with hundreds crying to God. I say hundreds. crying to God for mercy. I left the church and another young man came to me and said, Mr. Campbell, there must be between three and five hundred people on a hill down here. And they're wondering, the elders there are wondering if you could come down and address them. And I went down and I found this crowd, oh it was easy to address them, because the Spirit of God was hovering over us, the Spirit of God moving. And I see a man lying on the ground, oh he's in distress of soul, in terrible distress. Then four young girls, I would say about 16 years of age, they came over and they knelt beside him. And I hear one of them saying, listen, the Jesus that saved us last night can save you now. And that man was saved as these four young lassies prayed around him. My dear people, that's revival. But I think I ought to tell you a rather amusing incident. We weren't in favor with all. There was a certain section of the Christian Church that bitterly opposed me. Oh, I was a mad Armenian, and I was teaching strange doctrine when I was proclaiming that the baptism of the Holy Ghost was a definite, subsequent experience to conversion. Now, my dear people, I believe that. It may cross your path, but there it is. I want to say this in passing, that I believe it was because the people of Lewis grasped that truth that we can say today we know practically nothing of backsliding. from that gracious movement of years ago. It is because they entered into the fullness. And because of that, a stream of men and women going out into full-time service. Well, we're singing at this meeting. When I saw the door of a cottage opening, and I saw an old woman coming out with a black shawl on her, and she walked over And she got a hold of one of the elders, a tall man, a strong man, a heavy man. And she said to him, I wish you people would go home and let people sleep. I can still see that dear man going over to her and taking her by the shoulders and shaking her and saying, woman, get away home. You've been asleep long enough. But from that meeting, I went back, back to Bava. And when we arrived at the man the minister was with me, we found an elder waiting us to say that a farmer was in great distress of soul. Now, this man hadn't been near a church for 12 years. He just lived for his cattle and horses. He lived for the earth, but he had a godly wife and a godly daughter, and they were concerned about him. They invited me, prior to this incident, to the farm, and I spoke to the old man, and he said, oh, well, I may turn up at the church sometime. A day or two after that, he was seen walking down the road to the church, and one of the elders said that he thought the suit he had on was the suit that he married in. It wasn't certainly a modern one. He went to the church at Ennery, and the church was so crowded that he had to sit on the pulpit steps just quite near to me. And God spoke to him. Oh, he was in a fearful state. crying and repeating, God, hell is too good for me, hell is too good for me. Oh, that we could see conviction. That is one thing that I've been crying for at this conference. That conviction of sin that will get men and women prostrate in the presence of God. Oh, give it to us. Give it to us. But that night, after being at this field meeting, I, along with the elder and the minister, went to the farm. We found every room in the farmhouse packed with people praying. Oh, they were praying for the farmer. They were afraid that he would go mental. So I said to the wife, where is Donald? Oh, he's down in the room there. He's in a terrible state. Oh, but God may have mercy on the mightiest sinner. Oh, she was speaking truth. May God have mercy on the mightiest sinner. So we went down the passage and she gently opened the door. And there's a farmer on his knee. And again, he kept repeating, God, can you have mercy on me? Can you have mercy on me? I seem to feel that hell is too good for me. And there he is. And we're standing at the door. He's quite unconscious of us being there. And then the wife spoke. Now, you needn't laugh at this. I'm just stating a fact. The wife spoke. And this is what she said. There's the mighty sinner, and may he take his tummy full of it. Well, that wasn't the word she used. May he take his tummy full of it. What did she mean? Oh, she was crying to God that God would so shake him out of his sin. that his experience of God would be real. Let them stew in his conviction, in the words of Mary Morris. Let them stew in their conviction. Leave them there. Oh, how often I heard her say that during the Jewish revival. Leave them there. Let God deal with them. Know that I sometimes feel, dear people, that we take things out of the hand of God by our counseling. Oh, that we might get to the place where with infidence in God we leave the work to end. The following night, he asked for a meeting in the house. In the morning, God met with him in a glorious deliverance, and he asked for a prayer meeting. Do you know that out of that prayer meeting there are four ministers in the church today? Donald MacLeod's prayer meeting. Well, now I could go on talking to you about incidents and how it began. But I think I ought to mention one or two of the the supreme features of the movement. First of all, of course, it was the awareness of God. That, to me, was the outstanding thing. This sense of God, the fear of God in the parish and in the neighboring parish. You could speak to any person and you would find them thinking about God. and crying for mercy. Now, that is the fact that cannot be disputed. God was everywhere. And because of this awareness of God, the churches were crowded. Crowded through the day, right on through the night till five and six o'clock in the morning. In revival, time does not exist. You see, the presence of God programs. And how often I've cried to God to so move in our midst that the programs will go and the presence take the place. Well, that was what happened. One of the main and outstanding features was this deep, deep conviction of faith. Now, I can't explain this. You would have to be there to see it. But here are two incidents. That dear old lady came to me one day and she said, I feel led to ask you to go to this particular part of this parish. There are mighty sinners there that need salvation. Well, I said to her, you know, I've no leadings to go there. There. They're totally opposing me and I don't suppose I could get any place to hold a meeting. And she looked at me and said this. Mr. Campbell, if you were living as near to God as you ought to be, he would reveal his secrets to you also." And I took that as a rebuke, and I went back to the manse, and I said to the minister, I think we ought to spend the morning with her and wait upon God with her in the room. So, she agreed. And she and her sister knelt with her in their little room. And that dear woman began to pray. And I can give you her prayer. Lord, you remember the conversation we had this morning at two o'clock. And you told me you were going to visit this part of the parish with revival. And I've just spoken to Mr. Campbell about it, but he's not prepared to think of it. You better give him wisdom, because the man badly needs it." Well, that was what the dear woman said. And when we rose from our knees, I said to our well piggy, now, where do you wish me to go, and where is the meeting to be held? Oh, you go, and God will provide the congregation and the meeting place. Well, Peggy, I'll go. Oh, you better, you better. And I went on the following evening, and there must have been a congregation of anything between three and four hundred gathered round this bungalow, a seven-room bungalow. And the bungalow was so packed, and so many young people anxious to be in, that the man of the house, who wasn't a Christian, but a God-fearing man, suggested that they should get into the beds in rows of threes, take off their shoes, and pack themselves like herring. Now that's what they did. Rows of threes on their knees in the different beds. and perhaps as many outside. I give out my text. The times of this ignorance God winked at, but now commandeth men everywhere to repent, because he hath appointed a day in which he will judge the world in righteousness by the man whom he hath ordained. There are five ministers there. Were you to go to them today and ask what it was that brought them to that village, not one of them could tell you but moved by a sovereign God they were there. I spoke for about ten minutes when one of the elders came to me and said, Mr. Campbell, will you come round to the end of the house? Some of the leading men in the village are crying to God for mercy. And if you go there, we'll go to the peat stack over here where you see those women crying to God on their knees. And I went round to the end of the house and there they were. The men that old Peggy saw. that would become pillars in the church of our fathers. And today, those men are pillars in the church. My dear people, that's the revival that I believe in. But in the midst of those crying to God for mercy, there were two pipers. I think most of you know that I was a piper. And playing the bagpipes, at a concert and dance when God met with me and spoke to me and saved me." Miracle working God! Well, two of them are there. Now, those two papers were advertised to play at a concert and dance in a neighboring parish. And the minister of that parish was there. He was the man who spoke to me and said, go to the end. Him and his wife were looking at the two pipers. Oh, they're there crying to God for mercy. He turned to his wife and he said, look here, we'll go back to the parish and we'll go to the dance. And we'll tell them there what is happening in Barabas. So off they went fifteen miles, arrived when the dance was in progress, went to the door and was met by the son of a schoolmaster. What are you wanting here, Mr. MacLennan? Oh, I've just come to the dance. Oh, but we know you haven't come to the dance to dance. But as parish minister, he claimed the right and went in. They're dancing. Then there was a lull. He stepped onto the floor. Young men, young women, I've an interesting story to tell you. The Smith Pipers aren't with you. They're not with you. They're crying to God for mercy and barbers. A stillness. Oh, the stillness of eternity, I'm quoting the words of the minister, came over the dance. And then he said, young folk, listen, listen, I would like you to sing a psalm with me. And I think we ought to sing Psalm 50, where God is depicted as a flame of fire. They began to sing, he's reading it himself. Into the second verse, suddenly there was a cry. The young man fell on the floor and began to cry to God for mercy. In five minutes the hall was empty. And there now in three buses, coaches that brought young people from other parishes, And they're in the coaches on their knees crying to God for mercy. And listen, the young man who fell on his knees that night was inducted to a parish church just before I came across to Canada. That's God. The Spirit of God so moved. The conviction was so terrible. that we could only leave them there. I suppose you've read about the most remarkable movement. The Acts of the Apostles repeated again. It's in the village of Arno. A young girl who was with you here for several years and came to us last year. She was up there just now. And she was over at the house that shook when the elder prayed. What have happened about midnight? The situation was difficult. Again bitter opposition. Bitter opposition. He's teaching error. So it went on. But at midday, midnight, this man got up to pray. And I still recall his words, God, do you know that your honour is at stake? Do you know that you made a promise that you're not fulfilling? Now, there are five ministers here along with Mr. Campbell. I don't know where any of them stand, not even Mr. Campbell. But if I know anything at all about my own poor heart, I think I can say that I am thirsty. I am thirsting for a manifestation of your power. And then, about a quarter to two in the morning, I got up and said this, God, on the basis of your promise to pour water on the thirsty, I now take it upon myself to challenge you to fulfill your covenant engagement." And when that man said that, the farmhouse shook like a leaf. An elder, or rather a minister, said to me, an earth tremor. I said, yes, but I in my own thought. And when John Smith stopped praying, I pronounced the benediction and went out of the church to find the whole community alive. The whole community alive. Opposition had fled and the gracious movement broke out that is spoken of in Scotland today as the Arnold Revival. One of the mighty movements in the midst of this gracious visitation. You know that the drinking house was closed that night and it's never been open since. Never been open since. The men who used to drink there and spend the evening there are now praying in our prayer meetings. And one of them is Minister Donald Macphail. Well, I could go on. But that was how the movement began. Conviction, distress of soul, fourteen young men standing at a hall discussing the amount of beer that was to be brought to the parish for a dance on Friday. Suddenly one of them turns to the others and says, boys, let us increase the amount. I believe that this is the last time beer is going to come to this parish. Another young man said, Angus, are you suggesting that the revival is going to come to this godless parish? I cannot say what is going to happen or what is going to come, but something is happening to me. And that was all that he said. But listen, dear people. Fourteen young men fell on their knees in front of the public hall and were there for over an hour and all of them saved. And eleven of them are office bearers in that church today. And that is one community after that gracious movement when you find a single unsaved soul in the parish or in that part of it. My dear people, do you good folk understand what revival means? Have you a conception of what it means to see God working, the God of miracle, sovereign, supernatural, moving in the midst of men and hundreds swept into the kingdom? Oh, that we might see it. that we might see it. Now, my time's gone. But you ask, now what are the fruits of it? You've already said that you know nothing about backsliding. Now that is true. I could counter my five fingers, all who dropped off from the prayer meetings. You see, in Lewis, and in the Highlands generally, they would no more believe that you were a Christian than they would believe that the devil was a Christian if you don't attend the prayer meetings. And I agree with them. I certainly agree with them. When a soul is born again, suddenly there is created a hunger to be among the praying people of God when the prayer meetings become crowded. You couldn't find a parish in Lewis today that hasn't five prayer meetings. The local press stated in the midst of the movement, there are more people attending the prayer meetings now than attended public worship on a communion Sunday. Now that's true. Well, that is one of the outstanding features relative to the fruit that remains. And from those prayer meetings, now get a hold of this, from those prayer meetings, a movement has must began now that is sweeping through Louis. Where is it? Among whom? Among the teenagers. Among young men and young women that some time ago would be making their way to the town to the pictures, or to the dance, or to the drinking houses in the town. But today, in their scores. Now I'm not saying it's revival. Not in the sense that we witnessed it some years ago. But in parishes tonight, you will find perhaps half a dozen prayer meetings in progress. They were in the church, and from the church they go for a bite of supper. and then to houses here and there to wait upon God till two o'clock in the morning. And in those prayer meetings, young people, young men and women, teenagers and others are coming savingly to Christ. Your Miss Bengal was among them recently and she has a story to tell. Perhaps when she comes back to Prairie, she'll tell you all about it. Not as if we let her go. We're going to hold her. I think I said to Minister Maxwell, if you can give us Havardus and other Miss Bangles, we'll welcome them with open arms. In the work of the mission in Pagan England, Well, it may drop a seed somewhere. But that is true, the movement continues. And perhaps another feature relative to the fruits is the number of men and women that have gone forth into full-time service in the ministry and in the foreign field.