This cassette contains a sample of the first 50 psalms in the Scottish Metrical Psalter. The purpose for making the tape is to teach a variety of tunes that can be used with these psalms in family or public worship. Psalm 1. The tune is Arlington. Let man have perfect blessedness, Who walketh not astray, in counsel of ungodly men, nor stands in sinner's way, nor sitth in the scorner's chair, but placeth his delight upon God's law, and meditates on his law day and night. He shall be like a tree that grows, Near planted by a river, Which in his season yields its fruit, And his leaf fadeth never. And all he does shall prosper well, The wicked are not so, But like they are unto the chaff, which wind drives to and fro. In judgment therefore shall not stand such as ungodly are, nor in the assembly of the just shall wicked men appear. For why the way of godly men unto the Lord is known, whereas the way of wicked men shall quite be overthrown. From here on we'll sing only a few verses of each psalm, except for Psalm 23. Psalm 2, the tune is Heaven. Why rage the heathen and vain things? Why do the people mind? Kings of the earth do set themselves, and princes are combined, to plot against the Lord and His anointed, saying thus, Let us asunder, break their bands, and cast their cords from us. He that in heaven sits shall laugh, the Lord shall scorn them all. Then shall he speak to them in wrath, in rage he vexed them shall. Psalm 3, the tune is New Britain. O Lord, how are my foes increased? Against thee many rise, many say of my soul for Him. In God no succor lies, Yet Thou my shield and glory art, The uplifter of mine head. I cried, and from His holy hill The Lord the answer made. Song 4, the tune is Howard. Give ear unto me when I call, God of my righteousness. Have mercy, hear my prayer, thou hast enlarged me in distress. O ye the sons of men, how long will ye love vanities? How long thy glory turn to shame, and will ye follow lies? But know that for Himself the Lord, the Godly Men doth choose. The Lord, when I on Him do call, to hear will not refuse. Fear and sin not, talk with your heart, on bed and silent be. Offerings present of righteousness, and in the Lord trust ye. Give ear unto my words, O Lord, my meditation way. Hear my loud cry, my King, my God, for I to Thee will pray. Lord, Thou shalt early hear my voice, I eagerly will direct my prayer to Thee, and looking up, an answer will expect. For Thou art not a God that doth in wickedness delight, Neither shall evil dwell with thee, nor fools stand in thy sight. Psalm 6, singing the first version, which is long metered, to the tune of Woodward. Lord, in Thy wrath rebuke me not, nor in Thy heart rage chasten me. Lord, pity me, for I am weak, heal me. for my bones flex and be. My soul is also vexed, sore, but, Lord, how long stay wilt thou make Return, O Lord, my soul set free, O save me for Thy mercy's sake. Psalm 7, the tune is Bethlehem. O Lord my God, in Thee do I my confidence repose, Save and deliver me from all my persecuting foes, Lest that the enemy my soul should like a lion tear, In pieces rending it while there is no deliverer. O Lord my God, if it be so that I committed this, If it be so that in my hands iniquity there is, If I rewarded ill to him that was at peace with me, Gave him the man that without cause my foe was I did free. Then let the foe pursue and take my soul and my life from Down to the earth and let him lay, my honor in the dust. Rise in thy wrath, Lord, raise thy sun, for my foes raging be. And to the judgment which thou hast commanded, wake for me. Psalm 8, the tune is Asmon. How excellent in all the earth, Lord, our Lord is thy name! Who has thy glory far advanced Above the starry frame? From infant's and from suckling's mouth, Thou didst strength ordain. For Thy false cause Thou sold Thou mice, The avenging full restrain. When I look up unto Thy hands, Which Thine own fingers frame, unto the moon and to the stars which were by thee ordained. Psalm 9, the tune is Forest Green. Lord, thee I'll praise with all my heart, thy wonders I'll proclaim. In Thee, Most High, I'll greatly joy and sing unto Thy name. When back my foes were turned, they fell and perished at Thy side. For Thou maintains my right and cause on thrones that's judging right. The heathen, the rebuked house, the wicked overthrown. Thou hast put out their names that they may nevermore be known. O ending of destructions, God, and imperpetual, Thou city's race, perished with them, is their memorial. God shall endure for Aedon, for judgment set his throne. In righteousness to judge the world, justice to give each one. God also will our refuge be for those that are oppressed. Our refuge will He be in times of trouble to distress. Song 10, tune is St. Agnes. Wherefore is it that thou, O Lord, dost stand from us afar? And wherefore hidest thou thyself when times so troubless are? The wicked in his loftiness God persecute the poor. In these devices they have framed. Let them be taken sure. The wicked of his heart's desire. God talk with boasting great. He blessed him that coveteth, whom yet the Lord doth hate. Psalm 11, Tunis Satan. I in the Lord do put my trust, how is it then that he Say to my soul, flee as a bird unto your mountain high. For lo, thou wicked men, their bow, their shafts on string they fit. Let those who upright are in harm they privily may his. If the foundations be destroyed, what hath the righteous done? God in his holy temple lives, in heaven is his throne. Psalm 12, tune as Belmont. Held Lord because the godly men doth daily fade away, and from among the sons of men the faithful do decay. Unto his neighbor every one Doth utter vanity They with a double heart do speak And lips of flattery God shall cut off all flattering lips, Tongues that speak proudly thus. We'll with our tongue prevail our lips, Our hearts whose Lord o'er us 13. TUNIS Meditation How long wilt thou forget me, Lord, shall it forever be? O how long shall it be that thou wilt hide thy face from me? How long take counsel in my soul, still sad in heart shall I? How long, exalted over me, shall be mine enemy? O Lord, my God, consider well, and answer to me, make Mine eyes enlighten, lest the sleep of death me overtake. Psalm 14, the tune is Maitland. That there is not a god, a fool, doth in His heart conclude. They are corrupt, their works are vile, not one of them doth good. Upon men's sons the Lord from Him did cast his eyes abroad to see if any understood and did seek after God. They all together felt the hour They all aside are gone, And there is none that do it good, Yea, sure there is not one. Psalm 15, tune is Talis Original. Within thy tabernacle, Lord, who shall abide with thee? And in thy high and holy hill, who shall a dweller be? The man that walketh uprightly, and worketh righteousness. And as he thinketh in his heart, so doth he truth express, who doth not slander with his tongue, nor to his friend doth purge. nor yet against his neighbor doth take up an ill report. Psalm 16, to the tune of Auld Lang Syne. Lord, keep me, for I trust in thee. To God thus was my speech. Thou art my Lord and unto Thee my goodness doth not reach. To saints on earth, to the excellent, where my delights are placed, their sorrows shall be multiplied. to other gods that haste. Of their drink, offerings of blood, I will no offering make. Yea, neither I their very names up in my lips will take. God is of mine inheritance, and cup a portion. The lot that fallen is to me, thou dost maintain alone. Psalm 17, tune this way, Mom. Lord, hear the rite, attend my cry, unto my prayer give heed, that doth not in hypocrisy from vain endless proceed, and from thee for thy presence forth my sentence do thou send. Two more these things that equal one, Do Thou Thine eyes intend? Thou proust, mine heart, Thou visit'st me by night, Thou didst me try, Yet nothing thou'lts for that my love shall not in purpose die. As for man's works, I buy the word that from thy list doth flow. Did me preserve out of the path wherein destroyers go? Psalm 18, the tune is All Saints' New. Thee will I love, O Lord, my strength, my fortress is the Lord. My rock and he that doth to me deliverance afford. My God, my strength, whom I will trust, a buckler unto me. the hoard of my salvation, and my high tower is he. Upon the Lord, who worthy is of praise, as will I cry, and then shall I preserve it, be safe from mine enemy. Floods of ill men affrighted me, Death's pangs about me wend. Hell's sorrows me environed, Death's snares did me prevent. Psalm 19, Tunis Fountain The hands God's glory do declare, the skies His handworks preach. They utter speech to day and night, to night of knowledge teach. There is no speech nor tongue to wish, their voice doth not extend. Their line is gone through all the earth, their words to the world's end. In them, he said, the Son of Ten, who bridegroom life foregoes. From's chamber as a strongman doth To run his race rejoice From heaven is his going forth Circling to the end again And there is nothing from his feet that hidden dots remain. Psalm 20, Tunis, Stockton. Jehovah hear thee in the day when trouble he doth send. And let the name of Jacob's God be from all ill defend. Oh, let him help send from above out of his sanctuary. From Zion, his own holy hill, let him give strength to thee. Let him remember all Thy gifts, accept Thy sacrifice, grant Thee Thy heart's wish and fulfill Thy thoughts and counsel wise. In Thy salvation we will joy, in our God's name we will Display our banners and the Lord, Thy prayers all fulfilled. Psalm 21, the tune is Noel. The King in Thy great strength, O Lord, Shall very joyful be. In Thy salvation rejoice, how vehemently shall he. Thou hast bestowed upon him all that his heart would have, and Thou from him didst not withhold whate'er his lips did crave. For Thou with blessings him prevents of goodness manifold, And Thou hast set upon his head a crown of purest gold. When he desired life of Thee, Thou life to him didst give. In such a length of days that he forevermore should live. Psalm 22, the tune is Kingsfolk. My God, my God, why hast thou me forsaken? Why so far? art Thou from helping me, and from my words that roaring are. All day my God to Thee I cry, yet am not heard by Thee, and in the season of the night I cannot silence be. But Thou art holy, Thou that dost inhabit Israel's praise. Our fathers hoped in Thee, they hoped, and Thou didst them release. When unto Thee they sent their cry, to them deliverance came. because they put their trust in Thee, they were not put to shame. Psalm 23, the tune is crimined. The Lord's my shepherd, I'll not want He makes me down to lie in pastures green, He leadeth me the quiet waters by. My soul He doth restore again, and me to walk doth make within the path of righteousness, even for his own name's sake. Yea, though I walk in death's dark vale, Yet will I fear the hill, For Thou art with me and my rod, And staff me comfort still. My table Thou hast furnished, In presence of my foes, my head Thou dost with oil anoint, and my cup overflows. Goodness and mercy all my life shall surely follow me, and in God's house forevermore my dwelling place shall be. Psalm 24, the tune is Verena. The earth belongs unto the Lord and all that it contains, the world that is inhabited and all that there remains. For the foundations thereof He on the seas did lay, and He hath it established. upon the floods to stay. Who is the man that shall ascend into the hill of God? Or who within his holy place shall have a firm abode? Whose hands are clean, whose heart is pure, and unto vanity who hath not lifted up his soul, nor soared his seat fully. He from the eternal shall receive the blessing him upon, and righteousness him from the God of his salvation. This is the generation that after Him inquire, O Jacob, who do seek thy face with their whole heart's desire. Psalm 25, tune is Leo Minster, Chardonnay or Devil. To thee I lift my soul, O Lord, I trust in Thee. My God, let me not be ashamed, nor foes triumph for me. Let none that wait on Thee be put to shame at all. but those that without cause transgress let shame upon them fall. Show me Thy ways, O Lord, Thy paths, O teach Thou me, and do Thou lead me in Thy truth, there in my teacher be. For Thou art God that dost to me salvation send, and I upon Thee all the day expecting to attend. Psalm 26, the tune is Consolation. Judge me, O Lord, for I have walked in my integrity. I trust it also in the Lord. Slight therefore shall not I. Examine me and do me proof. Try heart and reins, O God. For thy love is before mine eyes, Thy truths as I have trod. With persons vain I have not set, Nor with dissemblers gone. the assembly of ill men I hate to sit with such a shun. Psalm 27, tune Faith is the Victory. The Lord's my light and saving help who shall make me dismayed. My life's strength is the Lord of whom Then shall I be afraid? When, as mine enemies and foes, Most wicked persons all, To eat my flesh against me rose, They stumbled and did fall. Against me, though, and host and camp, My heart yet fearless is, the Lord against me rise, I will be confident in this. One thing I of the Lord desire and will seek to obtain, that all days of my life I may within God's house remain. Psalm 28, tune is Dundee. To Thee I'll cry, O Lord my Rock, hold not Thy peace to me, lest, like those that to pity sin, I by Thy silence be. The voice, hear of my humble prayers, when unto Thee I cry, When to Thine holy oracle I lift my hands on high, With the only joy not away that work iniquity, That speak peace to their friends while in their hearts doth mischief lie. Give them according to their deeds and ills endeavored, And as their handiworks deserve to them be rendered. Psalm 29, the tune is Sunderland. Give ye unto the Lord, ye sons, that of the mighty be, all strength and glory to the Lord with cheerfulness give ye. Unto the Lord the glory give, thou to his name is due, and in the beauty of holiness unto Jehovah. The Lord's voice on the waters is the God of majesty, the thunder and the multitudes of water sympathy. A powerful voice it is that comes out from the Lord Most High. The voice of that great Lord is full of glorious majesty. Psalm 30, the tune is martyrdom. Lord, I will be extolled for Thou hast lifted me on high, and over me Thou to rejoice madest not Thine enemy. O Thou who art the Lord my God, I am distressed to Thee. With loud cries lifted up my voice, and Thou hast healed me. O Lord, my soul, Thou hast brought up and rescued from the grave. That I to pit should not go down, Alive Thou didst me save. O ye that are His holy ones, Sing praise unto the Lord, And give unto Him thanks when ye His holiness record. Psalm 31, the tune is Gabriel. In Thee, O Lord, I put my trust. Shamed let me never be. According to Thy righteousness do Thou deliver me. Bow down Thine ear to me with speed, send me deliverance. To save me, my strong rope be Thou, and my house of defense. Because Thou art my rock and the eye for my fortress take. Therefore do Thou me lead and guide, in for Thine own name's sake. And since Thou art my strength, therefore Pull me out of the net, which they in subtlety for me so privily have set. Song 32, the tune is Box Delighted. O blessed is the man to whom is freely pardoned, all the transgression he hath done, whose sin is called the red. Blessed is the man to whom the Lord He imputed not his sin, And in his Spirit there is no God, Nor fraud is pondering. When as I did refrain my speech, And silent was my tongue, My bones then waxen old, because I moaned all day long. For upon me both day and night, Thine ended heavy life. So that my moisture turn it is, in some loose drought thereby. Song 33, tune is Catherine. The righteous in the Lord rejoice, it probably isn't right. that a bright man with thankful voice should praise the Lord of Light. Praise God with harp and unto Him sing with us all to read upon a ten-stringed instrument, make ye sweet melody. A new song to him sing and play With loud noise skillfully For right is God's word All his works are done in verity Psalm 34, Tunis Hudson God will I bless all times his praise my mouth shall still express. My soul shall boast in God the meek, shall hear with joyfulness. Extol the Lord with me, let us exalt His name together. I sought the Lord, He heard and did. Me from all fears delivered. They looked to Him, enlightened were, Not shamed were their faces. These poor men cried, God heard and saved Him from all His distresses. The angel of the mourning camps and round encompasseth all those above that do Him fear, and then delivereth. Psalm 35, the tune of Saint Michael's. Plead, Lord, with those that plead and fight, with those that fight with me. O shield and buckler, take the hold, stand up mine help to be. Draw also out the spear and duke, against them stop the way. That me pursue unto my soul, I thy salvation say. Let them confound it be and shame that for my soul hath sought, who thought my hurt turned back the day and to confusion brought. Let them be like unto the chaff that flies before the wind, and let the angel of the Lord pursue them high behind. Psalm 36, tune is Saxony. The wicked man's transgression Within my heart thus says, Undoubtedly the fear of God Is not before his eyes, Because himself he flattereth In his own blinded eye. until the hatefulness be found of his iniquity. Words from his mouth proceeding are fraud and iniquity. He, to be wise and to do good, hath left off utterly. He, mischief lying on his bed, most cunningly doth plot, He sets himself in ways not good, ill he abhorreth not. Psalm 37, the tune is Ellicott. For evil doers, spread thou not thyself unquietly, Nor do thou end be fair to those that work iniquity. For even like unto the grass, soon be cut down shall they, And like the green and tender herb, they wither shall away. Set thou thy trust upon the Lord, and be thou doing good. And so thou in the land shalt dwell, and there will ye have food. Delight thyself in God, he'll give thine heart's desire to thee. Thy way to God cometh in trust, it bring to pass, shall he. Psalm 38, the tune is Ella. In thy great indignation, O Lord, rebuke me not. Nor on me lay thy chastening hand, In thy displeasure hot. For in me fast thy narrow stick, Thine hand outpress me sore, And in my flesh there is no health, Nor soundness any more. This grief I have because my wrath is forth against me gone, and in my bones there is no rest for sin that I have done. Because gone up above mine head my great transgressions be, And as a weighty burden they too heavy are for me. Psalm 39, the tune is Winchester Old. I said I will look to my ways lest with my tongue I sin. Inside of wicked men my mouth with bridal I'll keep in. With silence I as dumb became, I gave myself restraint. From speaking good, but then the more increase it was my pain. My heart within me waxed hot, and while I'm musing was, the fire did burn, and from my tongue these words I did let pass. My end and measure of my days, O Lord, unto me show, What is the stain that I thereby my frailty well may know? Psalm 40, the Tudor's Covenanters. I waited for the Lord my God and patiently did bear At length to me he did incline My voice and cry to hear He took me from a fearful pit And from the miry clay And on a rock he set my feet Establishing my way He put a new song in my mouth, our God to magnify. Many shall see it and shall fear, and on the Lord rely. O blessed is the man whose trust upon the Lord relies. Respecting not the proud, nor such as turn aside to lies. Psalm 41, the tune is Clonmel. Blessed is he that wisely doth the poor man's case consider. For when the time of trouble is, the Lord will him deliver. God will him keep, yea, save alive, on earth he blest shall live. And to his enemies desire, thou wilt him not appear. God will give strength when he on bed of languishing doth mourn. And in his sickness' sorrow, Lord, Thou all his bed wilt turn. I said, O Lord, do Thou extend Thy mercy unto me. O, do Thou heal my soul, or what I have offended Thee? Psalm 42, the tune is St. Agnes. Why cast the heart for waterbirds, in thirst of pent and break? So plants my longing soul, O God, that come to thee I may. My soul for God, the living God, doth thirst when shall I ne'er unto thy countenance approach. and in God's sight appear. My tears have unto me been neat, both in the night and day, while unto me continually. Where is thy God, they say? My soul is pouring out in me When this I think upon Because that with the multitude I heretofore had gone. Song 43, the tune is Boston. Judge me, O God, and plead my cause Against the ungodly nation From the unjust and crafty men O be Thou my salvation For Thou, O God, art of my strength Why thrust Thou me before? For the enemy's oppression Why do I mourning go? O send Thy light forth and Thy truth Let them be guides to me and bring me to Thine holy hill, even where Thy dwellings be. Then will I to God's altar go, to God my chiefest joy. Yea, God my God, Thine name to praise, my heart I will employ. Psalm 44, the tune is Pineo. O God, we with our ears have heard our fathers have us told what works now in their days has done even in the days of old. Thy hand did drive the heathen out, and plant them in their place. Thou didst afflict the nations, but then Thou didst increase. For neither got their sword Thou lent, Nor did their arm them save, But Thy right hand, our countenance, For Thou them favor gave. Thou art my King, for Jacob, Lord, Deliverance's command. Through Thee we shall push down our foes, that do against us stand. Psalm 45, the second version. The tune is Welcome Voice, which is short-metered. My heart inditing is good manner in a song I speak the things that I have made, which to the King belong. My tongue shall be as quick his honor to indict, as is the pen of any scribe that use it fast to write. Thou art fairest of all men, Grace in Thy lips doth flow, And therefore blessings evermore on Thee doth God bestow. Thy sword, great on the thigh, Thou that art most of might, Appear in dreadful majesty and in Thy glory bright. Psalm 46, the tune is Materna. God is our refuge and our strength in straits of present day. Therefore, although the earth be moved, we will not be afraid. The hills amidst the seas because the waters roaring make, And troubled be in all the hills by swelling seas to shake. A river is to streams to glad the city of our God, The holy place wherein the Lord was high at His abode. God in the midst of hard uproar, the things shall her remove. The Lord to her had help her will, and that right early grew. Psalm 47, the tune is Rest. O people, clap your hands to God, with voice of triumph shout, for dreadful is the Lord Most High, great King the earth throughout, the heathen people under us he surely shall subdue, and he shall make the nations under our feet to bow. The lot of our inheritance choose out for us, shall he, of Jacob, whom he loved well, in the excellency. God is with shouts, God of the Lord, with trumpets sounding high. Sing praise to God, sing praise, sing praise, praise to our King, sing ye. Psalm 48, the tune to Zara. Great is the Lord, and greatly He is to be praised still Within the city of Arkha, upon His holy hill Mount Zion stands most beautiful, the joy of all the land the city of the mighty king on her north side of span the lord within her palaces is for a refuge known for lo the kings that gathered were together but have gone Psalm 49, the tune is a frata Hear this, all people, and give ear, All in the world that dwell, Both low and high, both rich and poor, My mouth shall wisdom tell, My heart shall knowledge meditate, I will incline my ear, To parables as on the harp my saints are declared. Amidst those days that evil beat, why should I, fearing doubt, when on my heels iniquity shall compass me about? Who, where they be that in their wealth Their confidence to pitch, And boast themselves because they are Become exceeding rich. Psalm 50, first version, short meter double, to Tunis Diademata. The mighty God, the Lord, hath spoken and did call The earth from rising of the sun to where he hath his foe From the top of Zion's hill, which of excellency The beauty, the perfection is God shined gloriously. Our God shall surely come, keep silent shall not he. Before him floods shall waste, great stones shall round about him be. Unto the heavens clear, He from above shall come, And to the earth likewise that He may judge His people wrong. These 50 tunes are either in common meter or common meter double, unless specifically mentioned. There is a common meter version of every psalm in the Psalter. This arrangement allows any family to sing through all the psalms, even if they only know a single tune. Reading of the psalm line by line before singing was also recommended in the Westminster Directory for Public Worship. This practice allows small children, the blind and others who can't read, to participate in worship. In Scotland it is called giving out the line. Here is an example of giving out the line in Psalm 1. That man hath perfect blessedness. That man hath perfect blessedness. Who walketh not astray. Who walketh not astray. In counsel of ungodly men. In counsel of ungodly men. Nor stands in sinners way. nor stands in sinner's way, nor sitteth in the scorner's chair, nor sitteth in the scorner's chair, but placeth his delight, but placeth his delight upon God's law and meditates, upon God's law and meditates on his law day and night. On his law day and night. He shall be like a tree that grows. He shall be like a tree that grows. Near planted by a river. Near planted by a river. Which in his season yields his fruit. Which in his season yields his fruit. And his leaf fadeth never. And his leaf fadeth never. And all he doth shall prosper well. And all he doth shall prosper well. The wicked are not so. The wicked are not so. But like they are unto the chaff. But like they are unto the chaff. Which wind drives to and fro. which wind drives to and fro. In judgment therefore shall not stand, in judgment therefore shall not stand, such as ungodly are, such as ungodly are, nor in the assembly of the just, nor in the assembly of the just, shall wicked men appear, shall wicked men appear. For why the way of godly men, for why the way of godly men, unto the Lord is known, unto the Lord is known, whereas the way of wicked men, whereas the way of wicked men, shall quite be overthrown. This Reformation audio track is a production of Stillwater's Revival Books. You are welcome to make copies and give them to those in need. SWRB makes thousands of classic Reformation resources available, free and for sale, in audio, video, and printed formats. It is likely that the sermon or book that you just listened to is also available on cassette or video, or as a printed book or booklet. Our many free resources, as well as our complete mail-order catalog containing thousands of classic and contemporary Puritan and Reform books, tapes, and videos at great discounts, is on the web at www.swrb.com. We can also be reached by email at SWRB at SWRB.com, by phone at 780-450-3730, by fax at 780-468-1096, or by mail at 4710-37A, Edmonton, that's E-D-M-O-N-T-O-N, Alberta, abbreviated capital A, capital B, Canada, T6L3T5. You may also request a free printed catalog. And remember that John Calvin, in defending the Reformation's regulative principle of worship, or what is sometimes called the scriptural law of worship, commenting on the words of God, which I commanded them not, neither came into my heart. From his commentary on Jeremiah 731, writes, God here cuts off from men every occasion for making evasions, since He condemns by this one phrase, I have not commanded them, whatever the Jews devised. There is then no other argument needed to condemn superstitions than that they are not commanded by God. For when men allow themselves to worship God according to their own fancies, and attend not to His commands, they pervert true religion. And if this principle was adopted by the papists, all those fictitious modes of worship in which they absurdly exercise themselves would fall to the ground. It is indeed a horrible thing for the Papists to seek to discharge their duties towards God by performing their own superstitions. There is an immense number of them, as it is well known, and as it manifestly appears. Were they to admit this principle, that we cannot rightly worship God except by obeying his word, they would be delivered from their deep abyss of error. The Prophet's words, then, are very important, when he says that God had commanded no such thing, and that it never came to his mind, as though he had said that men assume too much wisdom when they devise what he never required, nay, what he never knew.