On it is on the right side, a gives the biblical scale for the geologic column. On the left side, you have the pagan scale, including the age and the era, the terms that they use to describe that which is the equivalent to the biblical scale. If you watch PBS or History Channel or any of these things that do documentaries, Last night Robin watched one on sharks, and I joined in and A fascinating little piece that just could not say I mean they just could not stop With just the pounding you with the evolutionary story, but at the same time fascinating because they made many remarks about sharks which were totally Reflective of the biblical worldview that is there are no relatives previous to the sharks from which they They could have arisen that have ever been discovered and many other comments along that line. But the point during it, the whole thing is he was in the Paleozoic. He kept this this anthropologist and paleontologist kept looking in the Paleozoic. And this term came up over and over throughout the 45 minute documentary, in which case, if you have this and you say, OK, well, what's Paleozoic? Because he's talking in the game, the range of 400 million years ago in shark evolution. which would put you in this paleozoic region, and you come over here and you say, oh, OK, those are the early flood sediments. So we just sit there and reinterpret, you know, the paleontologist as he washes, waxes on about things he knows not. But the fascinating things that he is discovering are data there for us as Christians to enjoy and to marvel at the wonderful handiwork that God has done in creating the sharks and all the different kinds and those that he discovered that have gone extinct and so forth. And we have not the DNA from today. The second one is what we're going to start with tonight. And this is the hydroplate model that was done by Dr. Walt Brown. And I've just broken it down into four phases here. This is not an exhaustive depiction of his theory. So you all have a problem with this. OK, fine. Well, you know, go ahead and get the 450 page book. I've tried to simply summarize the major aspects of the four phases of the flood. If you want some verses that go with each of these, if we started with the rupture phase, then that would be Genesis 711 because the rupture phase. Brown is thinking in terms of the fountains of the deep bursting forth Genesis 711 in the 600th year of Noah's life in the second month on the 17th day of the month. On the same day, all the fountains of the great deep burst open and the floodgates of the sky were open. OK, so that describes this rupture phase number one in the formation of the mid oceanic ridge, which if you looked at a map of the ocean basins. There is a remarkable. Rift Valley, it's forty six thousand miles long and Brown's point is that if in the pre-flood world there were large amounts of water held in subterranean chambers about 10 miles beneath the earth's crust, then when this pressure from the waters underneath exerted itself to break or cause a fissure in the crust of the earth, then it caused it to crack. And that's what verse 11 is describing here. That's when the earth burst open and released a supersonic jet stream of these subterranean waters. OK, and so that mid oceanic ridges is physical evidence of God's initiation of the flood in Genesis 7, 11, phase two. Number two is the flood phase. And some verses for this would be Genesis 7, 12 through 24. That section of the flood narrative, Genesis 7, 12 to 24, the flood phase. Obviously, that's when the waters prevail upon the earth due to the supersonic jet stream of water that erupted out of the earth. It spewed up into the atmosphere very, very high and caused torrential rainfall all over the earth for 40 days and 40 nights. If we look at Genesis 7, 12, he says the rain fell upon the earth for 40 days and 40 nights. So that's a consequence, he says, to this supersonic jet stream coming out of the earth. Of course, while that happened in this phase, the flood phase, he says there were erosive forces due to the spewing out of the water. This caused a widening of the mid-oceanic ridge, which you can see on your diagram. You see it gets wider there. And all the way to 800 miles of width. The waters continue to get higher and higher and higher. All the sediment that is washed out of that gap in the flood phase are the sediments that are used to encase billions and billions of fossils on the land today. So most of the rain that came came from within the earth. That's why God says in Genesis six, I will destroy the earth with the earth. He didn't say I will destroy the earth with the atmosphere. And I'm not saying it's impossible to have some kind of a canopy as it's been envisioned as something off the surface of the earth. But God can do whatever he wants. But I'm just pointing out that there are many problems with that kind of a canopy that has been proposed. And they're not just scientific problems. There are textual problems like dealing with the Hebrew text that don't seem to really support that model. So the flood phase number two is Genesis 7, 12 to 24, at the end of which it is stated in verse 24, the water prevailed upon the earth 150 days. OK, so that takes us to that point. But before we go past that point, he has phase three also occurring in the same verses. So same verses apply to phase three, the continental drift phase. During this period, as the prevailing waters rose, the gap of that mid-oceanic ridge, he's got the mid-Atlantic ridge here, he's showing in the Atlantic Ocean, the pressure decreased over that mid-Atlantic ridge and it caused it to buckle up, okay? So that right in the center, the mid-Atlantic ridge begins to rise, not just 45 feet, we're talking miles, okay? Rising miles up. Now what this causes is it causes the adjacent continental landmass, on either side to slide in opposite directions down the hill that's been created now along, sitting on top of the lubricated water, layer of water. And when the continents ran into obstacles or they ran out of lubrication to slide, then of course, massive erosion occurred as well as the building, rapid building of mountain, mountain ridges and also deep ocean trenches. Okay. And then finally, phase four is the recovery phase. And this is described in Genesis eight, one to 13, the retreat of the floodwaters. OK, this began on the 150th day. We look at verse one of Genesis eight. He says, God caused the wind to pass over the earth and the water subsided. We look at verse three again. He says the water receded steadily from the earth, except the Hebrew there is more violent. It wasn't. It's not saying a steady retreat. It's saying it's sort of back and forth, sort of like tidal, like the waters would go down some, then they would come back up and they would retreat some more and come back up and retreat some more and come back up in this kind of fashion. The waters would then, of course, eventually run off the continents and they would collect in the new ocean basins that we have today. And that's the model. So let's hear how Dr. Brown describes it. And then we'll come back and look at the world after the flood, the ice age and discuss how we're going to answer some questions about dinosaurs and ape men coming up very soon. This guy is not some kind of flake. He taught at the Aaron Ward College for over 20 years, PhD in mechanical engineering from MIT. Sorry, no more movie. Now, by going through this, don't confuse them. One thing I'm not trying to do is I'm not trying to say that Dr. Walt Brown is telling us exactly what happened during the flood. What I'm trying to say is that here is a man who has paid very close attention to the text of the flood and with his scientific expertise in many of these areas has drawn out the implications of the text to describe for us in a modern model what it might have been like and how this explains the evidence that we see in the air such as the mid-oceanic ridge and so forth. I give it to us for that. He's shown us a creative, biblically minded believer thinking through the text of God's word and coming to these conclusions. Now, after this, the great deluge formation of the fossil record and so forth. What is the earth like as Noah and his family step off the ark and the animals come off the ark? What is the post-flood world like? OK, Michael Ord. OK, you've heard of the National Weather Service. He was a professional meteorologist there for 30 years. He says the picture emerges at the end of the flood catastrophe. The earth is a barren world with no trees, no plants, no animals or birds except on the arc. All yes, the few plants that are growing, but yes, generally speaking, this is the picture. All air breathing land based animals had died and were fossilized or were in the process of being fossilized in the sediments of the flood. The newly formed stratosphere would contain a thick shroud of volcanic dust and aerosols due to the extensive volcanic and tectonic activity during the flood. It probably was a dark, depressing world. The oceans would have been uniformly warm. The initial conditions would be established for a second, much lesser catastrophe, a post-flood transition to the present day climate. This would be a post-flood ice age. He's talking about moving from a Steady state. And if you're in engineering, you know what this is a reference to. I've shown you with respect to the longevity of the pre flood and the post flood patriarchs that before the flood, what we show is that the scriptures teach that people lived over 900 years. And then in the post flood world, if you jot down the ages of those who are in Genesis 11, then you will see that they follow an exponential decay curve. reducing to normal lifespans that we observe today. So that is, in scientific circles, that is called an exponential decay curve. And what it communicates is that you move from one steady state to another steady state. And this is what would happen if you took a glass of water and you put a thermometer in it and let it come to room temperature there, whatever, 70, 73 degrees, and then You put ice cubes in there and every 10 seconds you jot down the temperature on your thermometer and then it'll eventually level out, right? And then you'll go and you could chart the same thing. And again, you would see an exponential decay curve. And so the world before the flood was at a certain steady state. The world after the flood is a different steady state. And that's why we find those very interesting numbers in the book of Genesis of the ages of these individuals. But this occurred in every area of the whole environment, and so our challenge is to go into this thing where there's a lot of changes taking place, this exponential decay period into this thing called the Ice Age. OK, we do have physical evidence of what is called an Ice Age. Glacial boulders, sometimes called erratics, very large boulders just that have been left there by retreating glaciers. Okay, these are kind of fascinating. Huge boulders just sitting apparently in the middle of nowhere. They can be small ones, of course, but the large ones like the ones you see here are quite impressive. You can see a man standing in front of one on the left. That gives you some perspective. There's a whole field of them here in Belarus that have been left behind by glacial retreat. And if you're risky enough and you don't have a problem or you don't like your kids, You can let them walk under this glacial boulder. There's a lot of evidence of this. Here's some more. OK, there's what's called terminal moraines. And if you've lived up north, you may have seen these terminal moraines mark the farthest advance of a glacier. How far did the glacier grow? OK, there's physical evidence left at that leading edge of where the glacier went to. You can see also in this picture the terminal moraine here in the front and the side, the lateral moraine that would mark the side boundary of the glacier. So in other words, a glacier, if a glacier grew, okay, and you can see the debris that it left behind here at the leading edge. So as it begins to deglaciate, it leaves behind certain physical evidences that a massive, massive glacier of ice sheets was there. Here's another one just to get the point across to make sure we understand. If the ice is moving in this direction to the left, then of course it's going to pick up boulders and rocks and stuff like that off the bedrock and it's going to push them to the leading edge and then it's going to leave a mound at the leading edge of debris and rocks. Okay, so if you go up north you can see these. Look at this one. I guess some people think this is like activity, you know, go hiking and climb around on these thermal moraines. But this is a huge dump of debris and rocks that was left there by a glacier. Okay. And this one, I really like this picture from up high. You can see exactly where the huge glacier terminated. Okay. And you can also see the lateral portions of it too. Some people like to hike on these things. Okay. Now, That is how we can draw maps like this. OK, this is a map of the ice glaciers that cover North America. Well, we know how far they came down because we can see the physical evidence of how far they came down. It came down farther than south of Chicago. OK. And over in New York and so forth, all that region. So you can see the extent of the ice glaciers here in North America. You're in Europe, and this is sort of a turn. You kind of have to turn your head a little bit to the left to get your proper orientation. But again, look, look how far it comes down into Europe covers all of Germany. OK, and was this France here in Spain? OK, so part of France. OK, it came down very far in Africa and left the same types of evidences. And there's many others. This is Long Island. Long Island is basically formed. The most densely populated place in the United States of America, Long Island, is basically formed by two terminal moraines, which they're pointing them out here and here on this map. Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket are also formed by terminal moraines as a result of glaciers and their retreat. But the best place to see these apparently is somewhere southwest of Chicago. But the big, big point is that I'm trying to make no creationist or evolutionist doubts that there was such a thing called an ice age that extended down into North America and into Europe and Western Asia. Now, today we can go out because we still have glaciers, right? And we can watch today as they retreat. We can watch the kinds of physical evidence that are left behind as glaciers retreat from 1850 to about the year 2000. It does appear we've undergone what's called global warming. The issue is not whether there has been global warming or not, but the cause of the global warming. That is what the debate is all about. Is the cause human or what they call anthropogenic global warming? That is, man caused it by something that man has done. Or is the cause of it natural, something that is non-anthropogenic, something that's beyond man's control? Now, the evidence is that carbon dioxide introduced by human emissions is far too slight to cause the warming that has occurred in the last 150 years. It seems rather that issues occurring in the sun, namely sunspots, form a direct relationship with the cause of global warming. But since the year 2000, it appears now we're undergoing a period of global cooling or moving into one. But what the period of global warming has allowed us to do is study glacial retreat. and see the kinds of physical evidence that are left behind because of it. Now, let's turn to the biblical evidence. Does the Bible give us any evidence of an ice age? Let's turn to the book of Job. Job is the earliest known writing in the Old Testament before Moses ever lived. Job, we think timescale wise, lived just after the flood. OK, Genesis 10 and 11 would be the time frame. OK, he lived just before the time of Abraham and perhaps his life crossed over with Abraham's. So time frame wise, we're in Genesis 10 to 11. And Job would have been an eyewitness, along with his friends, lovely friends of the environment of the world just after the flood in their region. They would know about what the world was like in their region. What was their region? Job lived in what we now know as the Arabian Desert, Saudi Arabia. So look at the description of the Arabian Desert, look at the description of Saudi Arabia after the flood in verse 10, Job 37, 10. From the breath of God, ice is made. And the expanse of the waters is frozen. Also, with moisture, he loads the thick cloud. I'm sorry, I didn't wait for you to get to thirty seven thirty seven ten. Let's just start over, because I realize I didn't tell you, Joe, thirty seven, thirty seven ten. From the breath of God, ice is made and the expanse of the waters is frozen. Also, with moisture, he loads the thick cloud. He disperses the cloud of his lightning. OK, I admit there's not a lot to make exposition with, but we do want to pay close attention to any details that we could get of this period in Saudi Arabia and obviously ice. OK, large ice sheets are described in verse 10, thick clouds of moisture above that continue to drop their moisture on the earth. And that's something apparently that was going on in Saudi Arabia and what we know as a desert today then was not so much a desert. Turn to the next chapter, Job 38, 29. Now, this is God talking to Job here. 38, 29, From whose womb has come the ice? And the frost of heaven, who has given its birth? Water becomes hard like stone and the surface of the deep is imprisoned. There's obviously a description of thick deposits of ice, and that's significant. How did these form? How did so much ice accumulate? It takes a lot of moisture in the air to produce the kind of precipitation necessary to produce glaciers. It also requires cooler summers. OK, we'll see some of this. Now, a little after Job's time, Genesis 12, we come to textual evidence of climate change in the time of Abraham. OK, so just after Job, we're just going to trot out 700 years or so from the flood and looking at climate climate texts. And we know where Abraham lived during his time, right? He'd been called out of her. He lived over in the promised land. What's going on in the promised land at this time? two to three hundred years after the flood. Verse 10. Now, there was a famine in the land, so Abraham or Abram went down to Egypt to sojourn there for the famine was severe in the land. You say there was a famine in the promised land. What I thought the promised land, the milk and honey, you know, OK, that comes later, OK, that comes later. We have a dry climate at this time in the promised land such that Abraham was forced to go down to Egypt. Yet then what's interesting, if you turn to Genesis 13, 10. Genesis 13, 10, look at this, the climate now is exactly the reverse. Sounds almost exactly the reverse lot lifted up his eyes and saw all the Valley of the Jordan that it was well watered everywhere. This was before the Lord destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah. See that note before Sodom and Gomorrah. Yeah, that's put in there because you wouldn't you wouldn't believe how well watered that area was before the judgment. Sodom and Gomorrah before he says, look, it's like the garden of the Lord, like the land of Egypt as you go to Zohar. You say what? I mean, if you know what region lot just chose, he just chose the area of the Dead Sea and the Dead Sea is not a very well watered region today. There's nothing there but salty desert rock. I mean, those of you when you know, there's nothing there, nothing. Now, a lot picked that area. Why would you pick that? I mean, these guys were ranchers. I mean, if you're a rancher, you got cattle, you got some kind of herds. Don't you need water for them? OK, well, obviously it wasn't just a hunk of salty rock when Abraham and Lot were walking around. It was a well-watered place. Then turn over to Genesis 26, 1. This is Isaac. OK, Abraham, Isaac, then we go to Jacob, right? So in Isaac's time, look at the climate he faces in Genesis 26, 1. Here we go again. Now there was a famine in the land besides the previous famine that had occurred in the days of Abraham. See, it points it out. This isn't the same one. OK, that one stopped. It became well watered for a while and now it's a famine again. So we have another famine. Apparently, the climate was changing radically during this time. You never knew what it was going to be like. OK, you really had to trust the Lord. Now, forty one fifty seven. We come to Genesis forty one fifty seven. Here's another famine. This one in the time of Jacob. And this one apparently is far worse than the one in Abraham's time or Isaac's time. Look carefully at the text, Genesis 41, 57. The people of all the earth came to Egypt to buy grain from Joseph because the famine was severe in all the earth. All the earth, a global famine, what happened? What happened? The text reports that people from all over the earth had to go to Egypt to get grain from Joseph. So obviously, we have climatic changes that are radically occurring in the Middle East area and Saudi Arabia. So during the late lives of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Joseph, we have some tremendous climate shifts that must have been taking place to cause all this famine. Now, so we cite the data from Job. We cite the data from Genesis to show you this. OK, this is all what we would say happened in the seven centuries following the flood. OK. And it tells you a lot of changes were occurring. Now, if you were educated in the 1950s or 60s or early 70s, then you were taught that there were four ice ages. OK, this is the scientific consensus for over 60 years. They believe that the evidence proved beyond doubt that there was four ice ages. Then in the mid 1970s, they said, no, that's wrong. So glacial scientists today believe there have been between 10 and 30 ice ages. Okay. And between, between each one, the ice melted back. And these, these ice ages apparently cycle every 100,000 years. So how did they come up with 10 to 30 ice ages? You'll hear this all over the television and the news and the media all the time. Now, all of these scientists base their positions on the earth's orbit. around the sun, the Earth's tilt on its axis and the Earth's wobble in its orbital elliptical plane. OK, we've already seen Peter. Now, they're all assuming they're all assuming these things are constant. Constance. Now, that's a key word you always want to listen for. Peter already warned us against that, but that is the game that's being played that we as Christians have got to tune into or else we get duped by this stuff. Present processes are not the key to the past. OK, present processes do not necessarily unlock past knowledge. Now, that is the doctrine of uniformitarianism. And that is the key doctrine of paganism. And that is a sinful technique used to suppress the knowledge of God and the earth. But presupposing it, understanding that and presupposing that, here's what they say. They say the earth travels in a ellipse, like an egg shape around the sun, not not a circle. OK. So the actual orbit is not it extends larger than a circle. So from this, they derive a number of hypotheses. One hypothesis derived from this is what they what I call OK, I've tried to put some names on these two so you can stay with me. The greater distance hypothesis. I mean, if you imagine an ellipse, of course, you can imagine that the earth would at some point be farther away from the sun than it is on an annual basis, but they say that also what's happening is that the greatest distance from the sun, because our orbital plane doesn't stay exactly the same. In other words, let's say this is the plane in which the earth is orbiting. Well, they're saying this changes, too. OK, and so we're not always in the exact same plane. So because of this and the elliptical orbit, the greatest distance that the earth gets from the sun is happens once every 100000 years. And it is when we are 94.5 million miles away from the sun. I mean, there's that there is actually a range, you know, apparently we a range of about 3 million miles in our distance from the sun at various times. But this is the greatest one. And they say when the Earth gets its farthest away, that triggers us to go into an ice age and that this happens once every 100000 years. We go into an ice age after 10,000 years, we come out of the ice age and the ice retreats. That's one hypothesis called the Milankovitch model. A second hypothesis is what I call the increased debris hypothesis. You know, if you drive around the United States and you go through many cities, maybe you drive through certain areas that you call slums, right? And dirty debris areas, right? And you pick up a bunch of junk in those areas. Now, just apply the same idea to our solar system. As the Earth goes around the sun in this ellipse, again, it's not in the same plane. They say when it gets out, there's one place in the plane, you know, every hundred thousand years we pass through a slum. OK, and there's a lot of debris in the universe there in our solar system. And because we pass through that slum area, that debris, we pick it all up in our atmosphere and it blocks the sunlight from coming in. And this causes the earth to cool enough to plunge us into an ice age. And then after a while, 10,000 years, this ice retreats. And we're always in this 100,000 year cycle. So in both of these hypotheses, the idea is that we've got to cool the earth down significantly because we've got to get an ice age going. So cooling, they say, is the key to getting an ice age. And that sounds on the surface, well, that makes a lot of sense. You know, I mean, snow, ice, cold, right? So one view just says, right, we've got to get farther away from the sun. The farther away we get, that plunges us in. The other one says we get debris from a slum we pass through in our rotation. And this causes the sun to be blocked. And that makes it cool enough to start an ice age. But here's the problem. To get an ice age started, you don't just need one thing. You don't just need coolness. You need two things. There's a little principle of physics involved. If you ask the question, how much water can air hold? different temperatures. It turns out that cold air doesn't hold much water. You've heard the expression it's too cold to snow. It doesn't get that way. Okay, so if the air is too cold then it can't pick up moisture to precipitate snow. So what you have to do is you have to have warm air. And as the temperature goes up, water can evaporate into the air and warm, warm air holds water. I mean, that's why it gets so humid, you know, in hot weather, because the hot air is full of water and girls get frustrated with their hair. Now, the the problem that uniformitarians have is is how do we get the ice age started? Because we've got to have both of those things. We've got to have hot temperatures, high temperatures and low temperatures to get an ice age started. You got to have both. You say, well, how do you do that? So you got to have high temperatures that is required to get enough moisture in the air. Right. So you can have some precipitation to make snow, but you also have to have low temperatures so that when it does snow, it doesn't melt off through the summer. Right. Over the course of a few summers, if you can get these conditions just right, if this continues, mass glaciers will form rather rapidly. But how do you get both high and low temperature? Those contradict. It's a very simple problem, but it's a very complicated problem. And they've tried and tried and tried to figure this out. But their models cannot get the temperatures warm enough to get enough moisture in the air to create enough snow and to get it low enough to where the snows don't melt back in the summer. In conclusion, here's what Michael Ord says again, the guy who worked for National Weather Service for 30 years, also a believer. Many geologists and glaciologists over the years have admitted that the cause of the ice age is unknown. One of the latest is David Alt in 2001, who says, Although theories abound, no one really knows what causes ice ages. So neither the two models, popular ones that I shared with you, Milankovitch and Mueller-McDonald, or any other model. There are about 60 different models. You realize, 60 different models. But none of them can account for those two necessary conditions. And that is because they are locked. Their models are locked into a system that stems from uniformitarian thinking about the earth. And they simply, in that framework, cannot produce the conditions necessary to get an ice age going within their parameters. It's just impossible. So what's interesting is that the Bible has an answer to the problem, but people aren't interested really or ready to accept the answer that the Bible has, because they don't like the event that caused it and they don't like the timing of it either. OK, the event, what did Peter say in second Peter three, he said, what is the event that they willfully forget? There's two events, but the second one, the one we're interested in, is the flood. When did that occur? Well, just 4,300 years ago. Now, those are both offensive ideas. Now, Ord's model that we are going to talk about, based on the flood, predicts both high and low temperatures. Those are the two things you've got to have to start a nice age, he says. The newly formed stratosphere would contain a thick shroud of volcanic dust and aerosols due to the extensive volcanic and tectonic activity during the flood." Okay, he's talking about a lot of earthquakes and volcanoes there, which we'll talk about in a minute, okay? That, the volcanoes at least, create what? Ash in the atmosphere that can shroud the earth. What does that do? It blocks the sunlight. What does that do? That lowers the temperature, doesn't it, of the air, okay? He goes on. It probably was a dark, depressing world because sunlight's being blocked, right? The oceans would have been uniformly warm. OK, so here comes the warmth. How did the waters get warm? OK, the initial conditions would be established for a second, much lesser catastrophe, a post-flood transition to the present day climate. This would be a post-flood ice age. OK, let's see what he's talking about. How did the flood produce these two necessary conditions? First, he says in there we have uniformly warm oceans. OK, how does the flood, predict that we would have uniformly warm oceans. I mean, you can see at least how the temperatures would be uniform. I mean, the earth was shaken up like a bottle of water, so you can see the uniformity of it. But how did they get warm? Let's go back to our flood model. Any global flood model has involved in it tremendous tectonic plate movement. Tremendous. Now, what does this cause? Friction, which generates what? Heat. And what other things does this friction cause as these plates come along? I mean, maybe you didn't ever live in California, but I'm sure you heard people that live around the San Andreas Fault know. Earthquakes. And we have these other things called volcanoes. OK, there's this little thing called the Pacific Ring of Fire. Maybe you've heard of it. The whole thing is basically encircled by earthquakes and volcanoes. So let me make a side note here about earthquakes and their frequency and intensity, which I promised I would do much earlier in this class. Some people wanting to see Matthew 24, 4 through 8. Now, you know what that is. That's the Olivet Discourse, right? The Lord Jesus Christ is giving us an analysis of end times events, that which is the sign of the second coming of the Son of Man. OK, and he goes through a series of things in Matthew 24, 48, some of which are earthquakes. OK. Some people wanting to see Matthew 24 48 48 now being fulfilled, have claimed that earthquake frequency and intensity have been increasing significantly in recent times and that this is fulfilling prophecy. This is an illusion. OK, now there are three reasons or ways this is formed as an urban legend in our society. This is an illusion caused by more frequent detection of earthquakes. Due to more seismographs distributed around the world and better seismographs that can have higher sensitivity. Further, the illusion is enhanced by the fact that population is higher and more urbanized and so the devastation affects more people. Right. And third, the illusion is further enhanced by the advancement of communication tools so that more people in distant places hear about them. Since good seismographs went into operation late in the 1890s, no steady trend suggesting increased frequency or intensity has been demonstrated. Now, the fact is that there has been a slight decrease in earthquake intensity and frequency in the last 100 years. As Dr. Steve Austin says, the 1940s was the decade of our century, he's talking about the 20th century in this quote, with the most energetic earthquakes, okay, the 1940s. And the mean average there, 30 events per year with standard deviation of 5.8. The 1980s was the decade with the least energetic earthquakes. Average mean, 11 events per year, standard deviation of 4.1. The global earthquake frequency data can be used to argue just the opposite of the popular urban legend. Earthquake frequency through the century appears to indicate overall a slight decrease. Okay, so let's clear the air of that. Further, this is exactly what the flood, the creation flood model would predict. This is what I've been teaching all along, ever since I came here. Namely this, after the flood, there was an exponential decay curve as you went from one steady state to another steady state. That means that the intensity of the volcanoes will be decreasing from the time of the flood into the present day. OK, until Matthew 24, verse four begins to be fulfilled inside the 70th week of Daniel or the tribulation period. Now, at this time, we are all for all intents and purposes in a pretty steady state, but there still is a gradual decline, very gradual at this point. And so we see in the earthquake data a very slight decline. Now, There's no ramp up, you know, to get ready, you know, to sort of get some signs that the great tribulation or tribulation is on the horizon, such as super quakes or something like that. There are no signs whatsoever. That's 1 Thessalonians 5. It's right in the Bible. 1 Thessalonians 5, 1 and 2, when they are saying peace and safety, it will come upon them suddenly. There is no warning. There are no signs. That the tribulation is about to begin or that the rapture is about to happen. There are no period. And there are a lot of popular writers making a lot of money off of saying that there are. But, you know, that's neither here nor there. You know, people get excited and that's what happens. But there is no such thing now. So don't don't just don't confuse any of Earth's earthquakes today and volcanoes. This is Bible prophecy. No, the Bible does not teach that. And the data doesn't support it either. Okay. And we can look at the chart for the last century and you can see obviously in the 1940s, the greatest intensity in the major period here. And we've had overall, if you draw a standard deviation line, it's a slight decrease. This comes from the National Earthquake Information Center. Now, but what we do want to say about the earthquakes during the flood and after the that they were caused by the massive tectonic plate movements and they did generate a lot of heat from the mantle and what that did was it transferred the heat into the ocean waters to create that warmness which you've got to have to get moisture in the atmosphere so you can have snow and build glaciers. Now in addition to earthquakes volcanoes also occurred on massive scale. Publishing in the Journal of the Geological Society, researchers investigated drill core data from the Norwegian Sea, so this is just over in the Norwegian region, showing though that the sea floor was once littered with massive craters. As reported in Science Now, the area experienced volcanic upheavals on a scale dwarfing anything in human history. Now, this can be said of practically all the Earth's ocean floors. Such volcanoes are evidenced everywhere. Now, these did two things. First, they, like earthquakes, release heat into the oceans. But second, they also release a massive amount of ash into our atmosphere, which block the sun. Here's what Ord says again. The flood involved unprecedented widespread volcanic and tectonic activity after the continents and mountains rose out of the floodwaters and or the water subsided. A shroud of volcanic dust and aerosols remain in the atmosphere, obscuring part of the sun. This would cause the land to cool dramatically. We've seen this. I mean, we know this with recent eruptions like Mount Pinatubo in 1991. It caused the cooling of the atmosphere. So let's look. There's Mount Pinatubo. See, it puts a little bit of ash in the sky. Let's look at some volcanoes for a minute. Let's start with some statistics of something that's known to most of us in some way or another, and that's Mount St. Helens. Let's look at the statistics. Mount St. Helens erupted on May 18th, 1980. It expended 440 million total tons of TNT energy. It was the equivalent of 33,000 Hiroshima atomic bombs. It leveled 150 miles of forest in six minutes. And you probably heard the story of Harry Truman, not the president, but the guy who lives a few miles away from Mount St. Helens and refused to leave. Truman was buried under 200 feet of ash. They say, my goodness, this is this is powerful stuff. This Mount St. Helens of these volcanoes are powerful, but look at this chart. Mount St. Helens is the gray dot that is smaller than the front of my pointer right down here. OK. Mount St. Helens released quarter of a mile of cubic ash into the atmosphere. Now, if you look up here in the gray, OK, the gray is the Mount St. Helens is depicting where the ash flowed, OK, where it blew afterwards. Right. You see that area in the United States. And let's go to the second one, Crater Lake eruption. OK, Crater Lake is the blue, this area here. It released 17 cubic miles. ash. I did the math on that, that means it will release 68 times the amount of ash of Mount St. Helens. In size comparison it's the blue little cube down here next to the Mount St. Helens that you can't even see probably. Then we come, let's jump to this orange one, which is the Yellowstone eruption. Yellowstone National Park is basically one big volcano. It released 600 cubic miles of ash, which is 2400 times greater than Mount St. Helens. And that's not the biggest. Can you imagine the devastation? If Mount St. Helens buried Harry Truman under 200 feet of ash, you know how many feet of ash from the Yellowstone would have covered Harry Truman? 90 miles. 90 miles thick of ash. Now, that's just to show you the scale of the volcanoes that we're talking about in the post flood earth that we see evidence all over the ocean floors. Perhaps our atmosphere would have been fulfilled or filled with ash for several hundred years, making it a fairly dark and depressing place. Evidence that this occurred is a constant enigma for those who choose to ignore the biblical record. In conclusion, what Ord has done is he has shown that the global flood of Noah would involve massive magmatic earthquakes and volcanic activity, which would heat the Earth's oceans and would block the sunlight to create the two conditions necessary for producing an ice age, cooler air and hotter oceans. This way, you can get massive snow dumps because of the evaporation of water out of the oceans and then over the land, the cooler air causing massive snow dumps. Now, here's Ord's model. Here we have an amazing example and maybe rough around the edges, but what I'm pointing to is not to say this is the total answer. I'm just suggesting that if people would submit their mentality to the scriptures, and think from the data that God has given us, we might we might not be too worried about, well, the Bible conflicts with secular science. OK, but we have a reticency to start with with the scriptural data. We want to just investigate science and, you know, in history and we study all that. And then, you know, we do that all separate from the scriptures. And then we come back and we say, well, we've got a big conflict. Well, yeah. You say, well, how did that happen? Well, obviously it happened because we're not starting with the most important data. The Scriptures are giving us the most important data. They're giving us the interpretive key to nature. This unlocks all types of things. And here's the guy who came along and said, you know, I submit my mentality to the Scriptures. Then I go look and look at the look at the evidence. So, Michael Ord is not a flaky guy. OK, the guy's got the math and all the physics to prove it. You just plug the data in the computer and this is what you get. OK, how long would the Ice Age last in Ord's model? On a time scale, this is what it would look like. He had the flood, Genesis 6, 7 and 8, right? During which catastrophic earthquakes and volcanoes heat the oceans to 86 degrees Fahrenheit. Now, that's very hot, by the way. OK, it's not a hot tub yet, but it's pretty hot. OK, average water temperature today across the Earth's oceans is about 39 degrees Fahrenheit. That's very cold, pretty cold, but 86 degrees Fahrenheit. And can you imagine how much water would be evaporating out of the oceans. Think of it like when you do get in a hot tub in the wintertime. What do you see? You see evaporation. You see it happen right in front of your face. Now that's the picture of the oceans after the flood. At the same time, the volcanic ash is there in aerosols and they're blocking sunlight, causing the air to be cooler over the land surfaces. As the moisture-rich air moves over the cooler land surface, you have conditions perfect for a massive snow dump right in the glacial regions we saw on the map earlier in North America and Europe and Western Asia. He says with his model, he says you have 500 years of glacier building and he calculates the depths of all it goes on and on and on. But by that time, after about 500 years, the oceans have begun to cool down, of course. And so you're not getting the evaporation you need to create that much snow anymore. The volcanism has also decreased and so the ash and the aerosols are beginning to clear out and allow more sunlight to come in and heat up. And so what happens is deglaciation begins. He calculates that from the thickness of the ice sheets in North America and Europe, it would take no more than 200 years to melt back. So his theory is that the whole ice age lasted for 700 years. 500 years of building, 200 years of melting back. And this would be from the time of the flood through Job, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Joseph. OK, the people that we read about in Job and the book of Genesis. So all those climatic disturbances that we read about in the scriptures are consequences of the flood which tripped this ice age off. Now, what does this do? Well, this answers a whole lot of questions. I won't go through them all, but as long as you have a lot A lot of water. What is the global warming movement fearful of? Well, if the glaciers keep melting, what's going to happen to sea level? It's going to rise, and California will sink, and we'll all be so sad. But, well, we would be. We love all men. Christ loves all men. But, you know what I'm getting at. Now, if you have all the water in these massive glaciers extending down into North America and Europe and Western Asia, what would happen to the sea level then? Higher or lower? If all the water is trapped in the glaciers, it can't be trapped in the oceans. So the water level in the oceans is lower, exposing more land, these things that we call land bridges. So here's the Tower of Babel, right? These guys that tried to build the kingdom of man and exalt themselves and make their names great and God changed the languages and instantly created syntax and grammar in many people groups, and they begin to migrate out. They come across here through Turkey and they come to where they want to pass over here. And it was now modern day Europe. And they just walk across the Bosporus Straits, because there's no Bosporus Straits. The waters are low enough where they can just walk straight across a land bridge. And they come over here, and they walk down through France and Spain, and they come over here and say, oh, well, there's a land bridge here at the Straits of Gibraltar. We just walk across that, see, because there's nothing there. We just walk right into North Africa, see, because this is all exposed. If you're coming from Siberia over to the United States of America, we've all heard of this land bridge, right? They used to be there, you know, because we have remains of civilizations underneath the water there because people had settled there. Oops, because then when the deglaciation occurred, the waters rose and these people got destroyed, swept away, who had built their houses under what is now the ocean. So see how this explains a lot of stuff. explains a lot of other stuff too. Yes sir? Yeah the biggest one, Independence Dyke Swarm. Down in this area, I mean you can't see, it's the dark red right, so you can't see all of it because they're placing it underneath the other, these that have been superimposed on top of it. It's a But it's called the Morrison Formation and you can see sort of the outline of it and it continues on down. But it, okay. It's ash deposits underneath the United States of America and covering other portions out into our oceans and deep. It's thick ash deposits. 4,000 cubic miles of ash compared to Mount St. Helens, a quarter of a mile. cubic ash. So that would be what we consider unquestionably a super volcano. Oh yeah easily and more out into the ocean and so forth. Yes we're only saying that there's one ice age. So it would build for 500 years? Okay it would build for 500 years. And then it would take 200 years for it to melt back and retreat. And next week, I'll explain the woolly mammoths and the woolly rhinoceroses. I mean, he you know, Walt Brown. I mean, I showed his model, not to say this is the truth, but to say this guy thought it through. But, you know, he said the woolly mammoths and the woolly rhinoceroses and so forth were frozen instantly at the time of the flood. Well, that's not really going to work too good because the whole earth is inundated by waters that are heating up due to earthquakes and volcanic activity. You can't have ice in there at 86 degree Fahrenheit average water temperatures in the ocean. You're not going to have that. And besides the numbers of woolly mammoths that we find, I mean, people don't understand how many woolly mammoths. How many woolly mammoths do you think they think that we know of in Siberia? I mean, this is Siberia, you know. 15 million. Not five or ten, you know. Oh yeah, they had some woolly mammoths there once. Yeah, they had a couple of woolly mammoths. 15 million. So I'll explain how, I mean, how do you get the population to be so high? Okay, I can tell you this much. If they double every 10 years and you start with two, they get off the arc. You get off the arc with two, right? Boy to girl. They start making kids. If you double every 10 years, in 550 years, you have 330 million woolly mammoths. That's including those who died off after the flu, including all that, too. That's not just a net number. 550 years, 330 million woolly mammoths. So 15 million is a drop in the bucket compared to that. And that's basically the reproductive rate of a mastodon, which would be a similar kind or related one. So I'll get into that and we'll explain. how in the post-flood world, at the aftermath, Siberia and so forth was not glaciated, it was a grassland, and then at the end of the ice age, when it melted back after 200 years, that's when it began to glaciate. And they got caught. And we'll look at that.